档案库 · 硬件与设备 · 战略决策 · 2016–2025
Cruise：通用汽车100亿美元机器人出租车赌注，于2024年收场
通用汽车2016年以10亿美元收购Cruise，并投入超100亿美元研发机器人出租车；2023年一起行人受伤事故、许可证被吊销以及2024年12月资金削减，终结了该项目。
Cruise（通用汽车）
做的是什么生意
A General Motors-owned autonomous vehicle company: Cruise built and operated driverless robotaxis (Level 4), started paid service in San Francisco in August 2023, and after GM cut funding was folded into GM's driver assistance and personal-vehicle autonomy work.
启动资金：GM acquired Cruise in March 2016 for about $1B and invested more than $10B in total, including an $850M lifeline in June 2024; outside investors included Microsoft, Honda, SoftBank, Walmart and T. Rowe Price, and GM bought out SoftBank's stake for $2.1B in 2022.
起因
GM acquired the self-driving startup Cruise in March 2016 for about $1B. Cruise had spent three years developing self-driving technology; GM then poured in billions, brought in Microsoft, Honda, SoftBank, Walmart and T. Rowe Price, and pushed a commercial robotaxi business — unveiling the custom, no-steering-wheel Origin in 2020 and projecting tens of thousands of vehicles generating $50B in annual revenue by 2030.
经过
Cruise launched paid driverless service in San Francisco in August 2023 after winning California's final permit. Two months later, on October 2, 2023, a Cruise robotaxi struck a pedestrian who had been thrown into its path by a human-driven car and dragged her about 20 feet while pulling over; she was seriously injured. Cruise did not immediately disclose the full details to regulators, and when they emerged California suspended its permits, Cruise grounded its U.S. fleet, laid off about 900 people (roughly 24% of its workforce) and co-founder and CEO Kyle Vogt resigned. GM handed over $850M in June 2024 for a relaunch in Phoenix, Dallas and Houston, shelved the Origin with a $583M charge, and Cruise paid a $500,000 criminal fine in November 2024 for submitting a false report to influence a federal investigation. On December 10, 2024, GM said it would no longer fund robotaxi development.
结果
GM said the restructuring would cut spending by more than $1B a year and folded Cruise into its driver assistance team, taking ownership from about 90% to over 97%. In February 2025 Cruise laid off nearly half its roughly 2,100-person workforce — more than 1,000 people — and CEO Marc Whitten and other senior leaders departed; the remaining engineers moved under GM's Super Cruise and personal-vehicle autonomy programs.
背景
Cruise是通用汽车旗下的自动驾驶公司。通用汽车于2016年3月以约10亿美元收购这家初创公司，并投入超100亿美元，引入微软、本田、软银、沃尔玛和T. Rowe Price作为少数股东。计划是商业机器人出租车：定制Origin车辆，预计到2030年路上有数万辆，年收入500亿美元。
Cruise获得加州最后一张许可证，于2023年8月在旧金山开始付费无人驾驶服务。2023年10月2日，一辆机器人出租车撞上一名行人——此人先被人类驾驶的车撞飞到路径上——并在靠边时拖行约20英尺；她伤势严重。Cruise没有立即向监管机构分享全部细节，当细节曝光后，加州吊销其许可证，全美车队停运，约900人被裁员，联合创始人兼CEO Kyle Vogt辞职。
通用汽车试图重启：2024年6月注入8.5亿美元，在凤凰城、达拉斯和休斯顿测试，并与Uber合作。它搁置了Origin机器人出租车，承担5.83亿美元费用，Cruise于2024年11月因提交虚假报告支付50万美元刑事罚款。2024年12月10日，通用汽车宣布不再资助机器人出租车研发，理由是规模化所需的时间和资金以及日益激烈的市场竞争。
通用汽车表示重组每年削减超10亿美元支出。2025年2月，Cruise裁员近一半员工（约2100人中的1000多人），CEO及其他高管离职。剩余工程师转入通用汽车的Super Cruise和个人车辆自动驾驶项目；Cruise作为机器人出租车运营商已不复存在。
这件事要成立，得有什么
- 该模式假设机器人出租车规模将在本十年末实现；当未实现时，通用汽车在资助一个已花费数十亿美元、且无法达到预期年收入500亿美元的车队。
- 2023年10月的一起事故——以及Cruise未披露全部细节——使其失去了商业服务所依赖的加州许可证。
- 通用汽车不断加注：八年来投入超100亿美元，包括2024年6月的8.5亿美元救命资金，用于从未达到有意义规模的重启。
- 竞争领域发展迅速——Waymo扩张，特斯拉推进机器人出租车计划——因此通用汽车判断，规模化所需的时间和资金不再值得。
可借鉴之处
一次安全失败就能终结登月计划：Cruise烧掉100多亿美元追逐机器人出租车规模，而2023年10月的一起事故——加上隐瞒细节——夺走了整个赌注所依赖的许可证。
后续进展
截至2026年9月，Cruise不再运营机器人出租车服务。通用汽车于2024年12月停止资助，2025年2月买下剩余股份，裁员约一半员工——超过1000人，包括CEO Marc Whitten——并将剩余部分并入个人车辆自动驾驶工作，每年削减超10亿美元支出。自2016年以来投入100多亿美元，这次崩溃成为无人驾驶登月计划烧钱的典型例子：2023年10月的行人事故，而非技术，成为转折点，Waymo和特斯拉如今主导了机器人出租车的讨论。
资料来源
- GM to refocus autonomous driving development on personal vehicles
- GM is giving up on Cruise robotaxis, pivots to personal autonomous vehicles
- Cruise employees 'blindsided' by GM's plan to end robotaxi program
- GM to exit loss-making Cruise robotaxi business
- Cruise to slash workforce by nearly 50% after GM cuts funding to robotaxi operations
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