档案库 · 太空 · 机器人 · 国防 · 战略决策 · 2019–2025
直觉机器的CLPS赌注:自阿波罗以来美国首次登月,随后雅典娜侧翻失事
NASA的固定价格CLPS项目让一家休斯敦初创公司成为自阿波罗以来美国首个登月着陆器——但它的第二次任务侧翻后终结。
Intuitive Machines
做的是什么生意
Intuitive Machines designs, builds and flies Nova-C lunar landers under NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program, selling delivery of NASA and commercial payloads to the Moon and providing lunar-orbit and communications services from Houston.
起因
Three US space veterans — Steve Altemus, Kam Ghaffarian and Tim Crain — founded Intuitive Machines in Houston in 2013 to sell lunar surface access, lunar orbit delivery and communications at lunar distance. Their opening came through NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services program, under which the agency hires private companies to scout the Moon for its Artemis astronaut program; Intuitive Machines won one of the first CLPS lander task orders and developed the Nova-C lander around a methane-oxygen propulsion system.
经过
The bet first paid off with IM-1: launched on a SpaceX Falcon 9 from Kennedy Space Center on 2024-02-15, the Nova-C lander Odysseus touched down near Malapert A crater, about 300 km from the Moon's south pole, at 6:23 p.m. ET on 2024-02-22 — the first US lunar landing since Apollo 17 in 1972 and the first by a private spacecraft. But the landing was rough: the lander's laser range finder had stopped working, descent had to use backup lasers from a NASA payload, a landing leg broke, and Odysseus tipped onto its side, operating about a week before the lunar night killed it. A year later IM-2's lander Athena launched on 2025-02-26 and touched down on 2025-03-06 at Mons Mouton, about 160 km from the south pole — but landed roughly 250 meters off target inside a crater and tipped over again.
结果
Athena's mission was declared over on 2025-03-07, less than 24 hours after landing: the tipped lander could not recharge, its batteries drained within about 12 hours, and NASA's ice drill could not penetrate the surface. CNBC reported the company's stock fell 29% in after-hours trading on landing day. NASA, which had paid $62 million for three experiments on IM-2, still holds contracts with Intuitive Machines for two more lunar deliveries — IM-3 scheduled for 2026 and IM-4 for 2027 — and the company said it must determine what went wrong before launching again.
背景
直觉机器于2013年在休斯敦由三位太空资深人士创立,其目标是以月面通道、月球轨道运输以及月地通信为产品。他们赌的是:NASA按固定价格采购机器人登月运输的CLPS计划,能让一家小型民企成为可复用的商业月球运输商,而非为政府建造一次性航天器的承包商。
这一博注首先在IM-1任务上兑现:2024年2月15日搭乘SpaceX猎鹰9号升空,Nova-C着陆器奥德修斯于美东时间2024年2月22日18:23在距月球南极约300公里的Malapert A环形山附近软着陆,成为1972年阿波罗17号之后首个登上月球的美国航天器,也是首个实现这一目标的私营航天器。但着陆并不干净:激光测距仪失灵,着陆器磕碰后侧倒,运行约一周后因月夜结束而终结。
一年后,IM-2任务的着陆器雅典娜于2025年2月26日发射,2025年3月6日在距南极约160公里的Mons Mouton软着陆——但它落在环形山内,偏离目标点约250米并再次侧翻。NASA为该次飞行斥资6200万美元用于三台设备,在电池约12小时内耗尽前收到了约250兆字节的数据;其破冰钻曾激活,但因着陆器侧翻而无法触及月面。公司股价当日盘后重挫29%,2025年3月7日任务被宣布终止。
这次的模式曝光了博注的真正代价:两次着陆都是输在最后一段与激光测高仪的较量,每个侧翻的着陆器都让客户付费并期望它立起工作的星上科学载荷随之报废。不过NASA仍保留了合作关系——直觉机器握有IM-3(2026年)和IM-4(2027年)的CLPS任务订单——公司公开表示,再次飞行前必须查明故障根源。
这件事要成立,得有什么
- NASA的CLPS计划是关键客户:按里程碑支付的固定价格订单让直觉机器在NASA未拥有设计权的前提下获得资金,使月球成为可市场化交付的目的地。
- 该公司瞄准的是其中最难的目标——南极,因为那里是NASA宇航员的登月之地,阴影撞击坑中可能藏有冰。抢先把这条航路跑通,具有最高的战略价值。
- 先发地位本身就是王道:奥德修斯使LUNR成为闻名金融市场的“月球概念股”,也让直觉机器在NASA的发射队列位置靠前——即便侧翻的着陆器尚不是一个稳定的运输产品。
可借鉴之处
历史性的“首次”不是可靠的产品:两次月球着陆,两次侧翻着陆器,但NASA继续下单——客户购买的是能力开发,而非保证交付。
后续进展
截至2025年3月7日,IM-2任务已然终结:雅典娜侧翻在Mons Mouton附近一处撞击坑中,太阳板无法充电,团队在飞行前正抓紧分析数据。直觉机器依然是存续企业,NASA仍持有两份后续交付合同,即计划于2026年进行的IM-3和2027年进行的IM-4,这次事故并未摧毁这个生意。真正悬而未决的问题,正是两次着陆所暴露的顽疾:自主着陆的最后阶段能否可靠到不让着陆器侧翻?因为NASA仍在持续下订单,可每次侧翻,都会毁掉客户为了让它直立着陆而付费搭载的技术载荷。
资料来源
- Who is Intuitive Machines, the Houston company that just landed on the moon?
- The first U.S. lunar lander since 1972 touches down on the moon
- U.S. makes first lunar landing in over 50 years
- Intuitive Machines' Athena lander does not appear to be standing upright on the moon
- Private lunar lander is declared dead after landing sideways in a crater near the moon's south pole
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