档案库 · 硬件与设备 · 战略决策 · 2014–2026
合众的廉价电动车赌注:2022年销量冠军陷入破产重整
哪吒汽车母公司合众新能源,2022年中国销量最高的电动汽车初创公司,历经十轮融资烧掉183亿元,于2025年6月进入破产重整。
合众新能源汽车 · 哪吒汽车
做的是什么生意
Hozon New Energy Automobile makes Neta-badged electric cars aimed at China's budget segment (models around ¥100,000), then expanded into premium sedans and export markets including Thailand, Indonesia and Brazil.
起因
Founded in Shanghai in 2014 by Fang Yunzhou, with Zhang Yong as co-founder and CEO, Hozon launched the Neta brand for budget EVs. Deliveries took off in 2022: 152,073 units, up 118%, the most of any Chinese EV startup that year, helped by Neta V (98,847) and Neta U (51,021).
经过
Growth masked a widening hole. Hozon's June 2024 Hong Kong listing prospectus showed cumulative net losses above ¥18.3B ($2.5B) from 2021 to 2023; 2023 revenue of ¥13.55B grew just 3.8% while sales-and-marketing spend jumped 84.5% to ¥1.92B, R&D rose 76.3% to ¥1.6B and deliveries fell 16%. Cash fell from ¥6.757B at end-2022 to ¥2.837B at end-2023 and ¥403M by April 2024, against ¥3.771B in short-term borrowings and ¥5.28B in payables. From October 2024 the company cut salaries and jobs, and founder Fang replaced Zhang, promising half of sales overseas within 2–3 years and profitability by 2026.
结果
The promised funding never arrived. Advertising agency Shanghai Yuxing filed for bankruptcy reorganization against Hozon on May 13, 2025; a Jiaxing court accepted the case, administrators were named by mid-June, and founder Fang was blocked at his office by employees demanding back pay on June 11. At the first creditors' meeting in September 2025, 1,631 creditors had filed ¥5.1B in claims — potentially exceeding ¥26B — while Hozon owed about ¥460M in unpaid salaries to over 5,000 staff and Neta had roughly ¥15.46M in cash. By April 2026 its factories in three cities had stopped and Fang and Zhang had been named dishonest debtors as the reorganization continued.
背景
合众2014年由方运舟在上海创立,张勇担任CEO,赌的是廉价电动汽车品牌能赢得中国大众市场。哪吒V和U车型约10万元,使其成为2022年中国销量最高的电动汽车初创企业,交付量152073辆,增长118%。
增长是融资驱动的,而非盈利:自2017年以来十轮融资筹集了228亿元,但2024年6月的香港IPO招股书披露2021-2023年累计净亏损超过183亿元,2023年营销支出增长84.5%,研发支出增长76.3%,而交付量下降16%。
2024年底资金告罄——9月起降薪,2024年4月现金降至4.03亿元,而短期债务和应付款项超过90亿元——股东不愿再投入。2025年5月债权人申请破产重整,6月合众正式进入重整程序,指定的管理人到位。
2025年9月的第一次债权人会议上,1631名债权人申报债权51亿元,可能超过260亿元,而拖欠工资4.6亿元,现金约1546万元。到2026年4月,工厂停产,创始人被列为失信被执行人,哪吒的40多万中国车主和海外运营只能交予重整。
这件事要成立,得有什么
- 合众作为2022年中国电动汽车初创企业销量冠军,获得了巨额资金——自2017年以来十轮融资228亿元——但没有盈利模式。
- 2023年交付量下降16%之际,营销支出增长84.5%,研发支出增长76.3%,烧钱速度在增长停止时反而加快。
- 合众将香港IPO视为大举支出的出口,但2024年6月的招股书披露了183亿元的亏损,2024年10月工资危机后投资者拒绝继续注资。
- 破产数字反映了差距之大:1546万元现金对上51亿元申报债权,后者可能超过260亿元。
可借鉴之处
弹药库不是引擎:2023年合众在销量下滑的同时,营销支出增加约9亿元,研发支出增加约7亿元,当股东拒绝追加投资时,数百万现金面对数十亿债权。
后续进展
截至2026年4月,合众仍处于法院指定的管理人监督下的破产重整程序中,三个城市的工厂关闭,创始人方运舟和前CEO张勇被列为失信被执行人。计划旨在保持哪吒运营——几个月内恢复生产,维持泰国、印尼、巴西为优先市场,保护40多万中国车主——但由于现金约1546万元、申报债权51亿元(可能超过260亿元)、拖欠工资4.6亿元,品牌存亡完全取决于重整结果。
资料来源
- Neta delivers 7,795 vehicles in Dec, down 48% from Nov
- Chinese EV Maker Hozon Auto Goes Into Bankruptcy Review
- Hozon Auto Reveals Creditor Claims of Over USD700 Million in Bankruptcy Case
- Revealing where the money of Nezha Automobile has gone
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