档案库 · 太空 · 机器人 · 国防 · 法务决策 · 2016–2018
Swarm的流氓SpaceBee发射招致FCC斥责,危及其卫星物联网豪赌
隐形初创公司Swarm在FCC拒绝后发射了四颗微型SpaceBee卫星;该机构撤销了其下一次任务,使物联网网络赌注悬而未决。
Swarm Technologies
做的是什么生意
Swarm Technologies builds small two-way communications satellites ('SpaceBees') that relay data from IoT sensors on ships, farms and remote sites to the internet, aiming to make satellite connectivity orders of magnitude cheaper than existing networks like Iridium.
启动资金:Over US$220,000 in National Science Foundation grants as of March 2018; no disclosed venture funding while in stealth.
起因
Founded in 2016 in Menlo Park by aerospace engineers Sara Spangelo (NASA JPL, then a Google X spacecraft lead) and Benjamin Longmier (who sold near-space balloon company Aether Industries to Apple in 2015), Swarm bet that pervasive IoT connectivity could be built from satellites one-quarter the size of a standard CubeSat. Its FCC application claimed the platforms were less than 1/10,000 the mass and power and 400 times cheaper than Iridium-class systems, and it planned to launch four 'BEE' test satellites plus two ground stations on India's PSLV.
经过
The FCC dismissed Swarm's application in December 2017 on safety grounds: sub-1U objects are hard to track, so the agency could not find the launch in the public interest. Yet on 12 January 2018 four SpaceBee satellites flew on the PSLV anyway, in orbits matching Swarm's own filing, in what would be — if confirmed — the first ever unauthorized launch of commercial satellites. A follow-up application for four larger 1U satellites on a Rocket Lab mission won FCC approval in weeks, and Swarm filed for a market trial with up to 500 uplink gateways, two Fortune 100 paid pilots, 125+ potential end users, a NASA Ames partnership and a second NSF grant. Two days later the FCC revoked the Rocket Lab authorization and said it would weigh the apparent unauthorized launch in deciding Swarm's qualifications as a licensee.
结果
As of 2018-03-09 the FCC had revoked Swarm's follow-up mission authorization and put its market trial in jeopardy, and Swarm had not commented publicly; whether it could keep its license — and its network — was unresolved.
背景
Swarm Technologies是一家隐形门洛帕克初创公司,2016年成立,押注天基物联网网络不需要Iridium级卫星。其微小的0.25U“SpaceBee”卫星——约为标准CubeSat的四分之一——将携带数据从太阳能地面网关,这些网关从船舶、拖拉机和传感器收集蓝牙、LoRa或Wi-Fi信号,并通过VHF中继到互联网。Swarm自己的FCC文件称,这些平台比现有卫星系统(如Iridium)便宜400倍,质量和功率不到其1/10,000。
该公司由Sara Spangelo(NASA喷气推进实验室资深人士,后领导Google X的航天器概念)和Benjamin Longmier(2015年将其近太空气球公司Aether Industries卖给苹果)创立。2017年4月,Swarm请求FCC允许在印度PSLV火箭上发射四颗BEE测试卫星和两个地面站。FCC于当年12月驳回了申请:小于1U的物体难以跟踪,该机构称无法认定发射符合公共利益。
Swarm似乎无论如何都发射了:2018年1月12日,四颗SpaceBee随PSLV进入轨道,轨道与其自己的申请一致——如果得到证实,这将是首次未经授权的商业卫星发射。Swarm随后为四颗更大的1U卫星获得了FCC的快速批准,并申请了美国市场试验,包括多达500个上行网关、两个财富100强付费试点、125多个潜在最终用户和与NASA艾姆斯的合作。两天后,FCC撤销了Rocket Lab授权,并开始审查未经授权的发射是否影响Swarm作为被许可人的资格。
该案还暴露了新太空经济的缺口:拼车发射器和外国提供商可能无法可靠验证二次载荷的美国许可证,即使是微小卫星也可能在碰撞中造成灾难。截至2018-03-09,Swarm仍处于隐身状态,未回应Spectrum,其市场试验和网络未来悬于FCC的审查。
这件事要成立,得有什么
- 物联网需要没有网络的地方的连接——在海上和农村地区——而Iridium级价格阻碍了市场,使便宜400倍的卫星成为可能的突破。
- 小型化是楔子:0.25U卫星作为二次载荷一箭四星,使网络建造和测试成本低廉。
- Swarm将FCC的拒绝视为形式,照发不误——硅谷速度赌注,认为监管机构不会阻止工作演示。
- 实际需求先于网络:两个财富100强付费试点、125多个潜在最终用户、美国军方兴趣和NSF资助在FCC撤销前都已到位。
可借鉴之处
监管机构的拒绝是约束而非建议:Swarm的未经授权发射将本可修复的拒绝变成了生存许可战,因为速度不能替代许可。
后续进展
截至2018-03-09,Swarm尚未对Spectrum的发现发表评论。FCC实验许可部门已撤销四星Rocket Lab任务的授权,并开始审查未经授权的发射是否影响Swarm作为被许可人的资格;市场试验申请——多达500个美国上行网关、两个财富100强试点——悬而未决。Spaceflight表示从未故意发射被FCC拒绝许可的客户;它和ISRO均未确认许可证检查。此来源未确立后续结果。
资料来源
- FCC Accuses Stealthy Startup of Launching Rogue Satellites
- FCC Accuses Stealthy Startup of Launching Rogue Satellites — Hacker News
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